Wireless Networks :: Networks Telecommunications

Wireless services symbolizes a development of technology, and perhaps a new era of telecommunications, but these services have been used for over a century and remain identical with the "radio". The modest beginning of wireless services takes us back to the 19th century at time when Guglielmo Marconi, "the father of radio" made his mark in the world of wireless technology. When Marconi started experimenting with radio waves (Hertzian Waves) in 1894 his idea was to produce and detect radio waves over long distances. In 1896, Marconi was successful and obtained a patent and established the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company Limited, the first radio factory in the world. In 1901, signals were received across the Atlantic and in 1905 the first wireless distress signal was sent using Morse Code. Wireless technology ultimately progressed as an invaluable tool used by the U.S. Military. The Military configured wireless signals to transmit data over a medium that had complex encryption, which makes unauthorized access to network traffic almost impossible. This type of technology was first introduced during World War II when the Army began sending battle plans over enemy lines and when Navy ships instructed their fleets from shore to shore. Wireless proved so important as a secure communications medium many businesses and schools thought it could expand their computing arena by expanding their wired local area networks (LAN) using wireless LANs. The first wireless LAN came together in 1971 when networking technologies met radio communications at the University of Hawaii as a research project called ALOHNET. The bi-directional star topology of the system included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines. And so, wireless technology, as we know it, began its passage into every house, classroom, and business around the world. Wireless network technology has been implemented for a number of things including cell phones, PDA's, and personal and business computers. There are three types of wireless networks, wide area networks (WAN), wireless local area networks (WLAN), and personal area networks (PAN). Wide area networks include the networks provided by the cell phone carriers. Wireless local area networks are networks set up to provide wireless connectivity within a certain coverage area. Personal area networks are networks that provide wireless connectivity over distances of up to 10m or so. Wireless networks have many advantages, but also has many disadvantages to.

Foreign literature Essay

Many students who come from other countries to study in the US wish to stay and work after graduation. This allows them to continue their exploration of a different culture, while at the same time develop professional experience that will further their careers. The following is an overview of employment options for foreign national students graduating from US colleges and universities, according to the type of visa they hold. Note that these options can change at any time so students should check with the resources included below for the latest regulations and details or if appropriate a professional service specializing in assisting international students and workers in the US. Student Visas for US Employment Both undergraduate and graduate students can apply to remain in the US for employment-based training for 12-18 months after completion of their studies, depending on their visa status. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS, formerly known as INS) defines this training as employment related to the student’s course of study. Without proper authorization, off-campus employment is illegal. Optional Practical Training for Foreign Student Visa (F-1) Holders Most international students are Foreign Student Visa (F-1) holders. After they have completed a course of study, F-1 students can apply for Optional Practical Training (OPT), which allows them to work up to 12 months following the receipt of a degree. (Each degree, starting with the bachelor’s, must be a higher degree than the previous one.) Steps to apply for OPT include: Make an appointment with an international student advisor that is scheduled at least 3 months before the end of the period of study Obtain a Practical Training Recommendation form from the school’s international student services Ask an academic advisor to complete the form Complete USCIS Form I-765 Photocopy both sides of Form I-94 Write check or money order for $180 payable to USCIS Obtain two passport photos of the student, and photocopy all passport pages Photocopy Form I-20 Go to appointment with international student advisor with all of the above  materials Once the OPT application has been submitted, it takes 2-3 months to receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD). Upon receipt of the Optional Practical Training authorization card, graduates can legally work. After the EAD has been issues, the approved period of time cannot be changed. Therefore, students who have not completed their studies by the date provided on their application will not be able to begin working full time until all their studies are completed, and they will not get back time lost. In some cases, once an employee reaches the end of their OPT, an employer may wish to sponsor them for an H1-B Temporary Worker Visa (see below). This allows the employee to continue to work for that company an additional 3-6 years. Academic Training for Exchange Visitor Student Visa (J-1) Holders Exchange Visitor Student Visa (J-1) holders can apply for Academic Training (AT), which allows them to work off-campus in full-time, paying jobs related to their field. The total amount of time allotted for AT is 18 months (regardless of the number of degrees obtained while studying in the US) and can be completed either before or after a graduate’s period of study. Both undergraduate and graduate-level students are eligible. Postdoctoral fellows are allowed to apply for an additional 18 months, for a total of 36 months of AT. Steps to apply for AT include: Applications for AT should be submitted at least two weeks prior to the date employment is scheduled to begin  Obtain a job offer letter from an employer that includes job title, brief description of employment â€Å"goals and objectives,† dates and location of employment, number of hours per week, salary amount, and  name and address of supervisor Ask the international student services office for a recommendation form, and give to an academic advisor along with a copy of the job offer letter; the advisor’s recommendation letter should note that the AT is an integral part of the student’s academic program Schedule an appointment with an international student services advisor and bring the above materials along with a current passport If the J-1 Responsible Officer evaluates the AT program and decides it is warranted and appropriate, he or she will authorize the AT and issue a new DS-2019 If one period of AT ends, or if the job ends, a new application must be submitted and authorization granted for any new period of AT. Some J-1 students may have a â€Å"two-year home country residence† requirement, which prevents them from continuing employment with an H-1B visa (see below) after academic training, unless the requirement is waived. Worker Visas for Long Term Employment H-1B Temporary Worker Visa Once a period of Optional Practical Training or Academic Training is completed, Federal regulations require that employment be terminated. However, graduates may continue their employment if the USCIS approves a change in visa type to H-1B Temporary Worker, the most common type of work visa. There is a quota of how many H-1B Visas can be granted per fiscal year (between October 1 and September 31). Some non-profit research institutions and universities are exempt. H-1B Visa holders must be sponsored by their current or prospective employer, and the position must be a professional one. The sponsoring organization petitions the USCIS and the Department of Labor for the H1B, which can take 4-6 months before the employee’s new immigration status is granted. Employees cannot change companies without jeopardizing their visa status,  and the visa ends when employment with that company ends, or after six years, whichever is shorter. Finding an Employer American employers often see international students as assets, as they possess both multicultural and multilingual skills, and an education from a US institution. Additionally, when they hire a foreign national with a student visa, organizations are not required to prove that there is no American available for the position (which they have to do with green cards). However, some employers are reluctant to interview F-1 Visa holders because they know their worker will have to leave in one year, unless the employer is willing to sponsor a change to H-1B Visa status. Potential employers may also be concerned about their own lack of familiarity with the process, and hesitant to invest money in training an employee who, sooner or later, will want to return to their home country. The following tips can help in securing an F-1, J-1, or H-1B job: Work while in school – Take advantage of Curricular Practical Training (CPT) internships during school to gain valuable experience Communicate well – Become as fluent as possible in spoken and written English Develop an excellent resume – Design targeted resumes according to American expectations (keep to one page; address only ability, skills and experience; do not include personal information such as race, age, or parents’ occupations) Keep an open mind – Consider less desirable field-related jobs in addition to ideal opportunities — they can lead to more desirable positions later Educate employersAssure employers that the government issues a specific number of H1-B visas each year, so if a visa is not issued to the current student, it will go to another student for another company – the employer will not be depriving Americans of jobs Sell uniqueness – Communicate to employers the benefits they will receive by hiring an international student (resourcefulness, determination, ability to adapt, multilingual, overcoming challenges, etc.) www.braintrack.com

How You Get The Ccw License Essay - 1654 Words

How to get the CCW license? Description: There are various steps involved in attaining a CCW license. The broad steps include making researches on the state laws, getting in touch with the sheriff department, filling up application form and getting approval. Are you willing to carry weapon in a secret manner? If yes, you need CCW license. In order to carry a pistol to the general public compartment or while you personally drive a vehicle, all you need is proper license. To know the exact rules of your state, get in touch with your police or sheriff department, the firearm instructor or an advocate. When you submit the application, it may take around 6 months to acquire the license. Your permit will be sent via an email. No matter how fast things have become, it still takes 3 months to get the permit. Till you attain the license, you will not be allowed to carry a weapon in concealed manner. 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